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A guide covered by Hackaday explains why corners of large FDM prints lift and how to prevent it. Deposited plastic shrinks as it cools, and wide flat shapes with sharp corners suffer most.
Brims enlarge the footprint and improve adhesion, though they also move heat from the bed into the model and slow cooling. Thinner walls and a changed infill pattern are further options.
The most effective methods change the model to remove stress points. One example splits the flat bottom into several smaller zones with a shallow grid, which spreads stress. The guide also recommends design for manufacturability.
For manufacturers, warping is mainly a design and layout issue rather than a filament issue. Changing part geometry costs little compared with scrapped large prints, and the practice transfers to production FDM work, where reject rates affect cost per part.
Deposited plastic shrinks slightly as it cools, and wide flat surfaces with sharp corners are worst affected.
It adds adhesion through a larger footprint but also increases heat transfer from the bed into the model, slowing cooling.
This summary was written with the help of AI from the linked reports, under the editorial responsibility of Svetozar Kolesar.